Across Canada, plastic surgery includes many different procedures that can change, restore, or enhance the face and body. Cosmetic procedures are usually chosen to refine appearance. When plastic surgery helps repair form or function after injury, cancer, birth differences, burns, or medical conditions, it is called reconstructive surgery.
People across Canada consider plastic surgery for many different concerns. Many patients simply want to look more rested. Others want to restore body shape after pregnancy, weight loss, or aging. Plastic surgery may also help after trauma, skin cancer, breast cancer, or a congenital concern. Choosing the right procedure depends on anatomy, goals, health, lifestyle, and recovery needs.
This guide covers the main types of plastic surgery procedures in Canada, including facial surgery, breast surgery, body contouring, reconstructive surgery, and non-surgical cosmetic treatments. It also reviews what to consider before booking a consultation.
Understanding Cosmetic vs. Reconstructive Plastic Surgery
The two main types of plastic surgery are usually cosmetic surgery and reconstructive surgery.
Cosmetic Plastic Surgery in Canada
Cosmetic surgery is used to improve or refine appearance. Most cosmetic procedures are elective, which means they are planned by choice rather than medical need.
Patients often choose cosmetic surgery to help with:
- Creating better facial balance
- Helping the face or body look more refreshed
- Refining body shape
- Restoring lost volume after pregnancy or weight loss
- Enhancing areas such as the nose, eyelids, ears, lips, breasts, abdomen, arms, or thighs
- Improving the way clothing fits
- Creating natural-looking changes that may support confidence
Across Canada, cosmetic plastic surgery is usually paid for by the patient. The total fee can depend on the procedure, surgeon, facility, anesthesia, follow-up visits, and location.
What Is Reconstructive Plastic Surgery?
Reconstructive plastic surgery focuses on restoring normal form and function. It may be used after cancer surgery, trauma, burns, infections, birth differences, or medical conditions.
Common types of reconstructive surgery include:
- Breast reconstruction following mastectomy
- Skin cancer reconstruction following tumour removal
- Cleft lip or palate repair
- Reconstruction after burns
- Hand reconstruction
- Scar revision
- Surgical wound repair
- Reconstruction after facial trauma
- Correction of congenital concerns
Some reconstructive plastic surgery may qualify for provincial coverage if it is considered medically necessary. Purely cosmetic changes are usually paid for privately.
Common Facial Plastic Surgery Options
Plastic surgery for the face can help improve balance, reduce visible aging, and create a more refreshed appearance. In many cases, the goal is not a dramatic change. The best facial surgery results often look natural and balanced.
Facelift Procedure (Rhytidectomy)
A facelift, also called rhytidectomy, improves sagging in the lower face and jawline. Patients may choose facelift surgery for jowls, loose facial skin, and deeper folds near the mouth.
A facelift may help with:
- Jawline jowls
- Lower-face loose skin
- Deep smile lines
- Lowered cheek tissue
- Reduced definition from the jawline into the neck
A modern facelift commonly addresses the deeper support layers beneath the skin. This may create a smoother, longer-lasting result without a pulled appearance. A facelift is often combined with a neck lift, eyelid surgery, brow lift, or facial fat grafting.
Neck Lift Surgery, Also Called Platysmaplasty
Neck lift surgery may treat loose skin, visible muscle bands, and fullness below the chin. The medical term for tightening the neck muscle is platysmaplasty.
A neck lift may help with:
- Muscle bands in the neck
- Loose skin on the neck
- Soft jawline definition
- A heavy area under the chin
- A neck that looks loose or heavy
Some patients need skin and muscle tightening. Some patients may only need liposuction under the chin. A facelift and neck lift are often planned together because the face and neck commonly age as a unit.
Eyelid Surgery (Blepharoplasty)
Eyelid surgery or blepharoplasty helps refresh the eyes by removing or repositioning extra skin, fat, or tissue around the eyelids.
Upper eyelid surgery may help with:
- Heavy upper lids
- Excess eyelid skin
- A tired-looking or aged appearance
- Eyelid skin that hangs over the lashes
- Vision blockage in certain medical cases
Patients may choose lower eyelid surgery for:
- Lower eyelid bags
- Puffiness beneath the eyes
- Extra lower eyelid skin
- Dark-looking shadows under the eyes
- A fatigued look that remains after sleep
Eyelid surgery is one of the most common facial procedures because small eye-area changes can make the face look more rested.
Brow Lift, Also Called Forehead Lift
A forehead lift, commonly called a brow lift, helps lift a low or heavy brow. It may improve the upper eye area and reduce forehead heaviness.
Patients may consider a brow lift for:
- A heavy, lowered brow
- Upper eyelid heaviness caused by a low brow
- Forehead lines
- Creases between the eyebrows
- A tired, sad, or stern expression
Although they can affect a similar area, a brow lift is not the same as eyelid surgery. The eyelids and brows are different structures, so eyelid surgery treats extra eyelid skin and a brow lift treats brow position. Many patients need one or the other, and some benefit from both.
Nose Surgery Procedure (Rhinoplasty)
Rhinoplasty, commonly called a nose job, changes the shape, size, or structure of the nose. It can be cosmetic, functional, or both.
Common rhinoplasty concerns include:
- A bump along the bridge of the nose
- Tip droop
- A wide nasal tip
- A crooked nose
- Overall nose size or projection
- Nasal asymmetry
- Airflow issues caused by nasal structure
When breathing is a concern, surgery may include work on the septum, the wall between the nostrils. Surgery on the septum is called septoplasty. A cosmetic rhinoplasty changes appearance, while functional nasal surgery focuses on airflow.
Otoplasty, Also Called Ear Surgery
Ear surgery or otoplasty is used to adjust ear shape, position, or size. It is commonly used to correct ears that stick out.
Common otoplasty concerns face and body cosmetic surgery include:
- Prominent ears
- Uneven ear shape or position
- Large cartilage folds in the ears
- Ears that sit far from the head
- Earlobe appearance concerns
Both adults and children may choose or need otoplasty. For children, the timing depends on ear growth, maturity, and family goals.
Lip Lift Procedure
The space between the upper lip and the nose can be shortened with a lip lift. The distance is called the upper lip length. The procedure can make the upper lip look more visible without adding filler.
Common lip lift concerns include:
- A long space between the nose and upper lip
- Less upper tooth visibility with a smile
- A thin-looking upper lip
- Lip imbalance
- Mouth-area aging changes
A lip lift is not the same as lip filler. Filler adds volume. A lip lift changes the position and shape of the upper lip.
Chin, Cheek, and Jawline Implants
Balance in the chin, cheeks, or jawline may be improved with facial implants. Chin surgery can improve facial profile balance when the chin looks small compared with the nose or other features.
Facial implant surgery may include:
- Surgical chin implants
- Surgical cheek implants
- Jawline implant surgery
For profile balance, chin surgery and rhinoplasty may be combined in select cases.
Fat Transfer for Facial Volume
A patient’s own fat can be used in facial fat grafting to restore volume. Areas such as the abdomen or thighs are often used as the fat source before the fat is processed and placed into the face.
Facial fat grafting may address:
- Cheek hollowing
- Hollows beneath the eyes
- Volume changes caused by aging
- Loss of soft tissue fullness
- Uneven facial fullness
Depending on the goal, fat grafting may be used alone or as part of a facelift, eyelid surgery, or other facial procedure.
Breast Plastic Surgery Procedures
Breast surgery is one of the most common areas of cosmetic and reconstructive plastic surgery in Canada. Breast procedures may increase volume, reduce size, lift the breasts, improve symmetry, or restore breast shape after cancer surgery.
Breast Augmentation
Breast size and shape can be increased with breast augmentation using implants or fat transfer. Implants used for breast augmentation may be saline or silicone gel. Choosing an implant depends on the patient’s body type, breast tissue, goals, and guidance from the surgeon.
Breast augmentation may address:
- Breasts that are naturally small
- Breast volume loss after pregnancy
- Lost breast volume after weight changes
- Asymmetry between the breasts
- Desire for more fullness in clothing
Many people worry about looking too large, obvious, or unnatural after breast augmentation. A careful plan should consider chest width, skin quality, lifestyle, and long-term maintenance.
Breast Lift Surgery, Also Called Mastopexy
Breasts that have dropped can be raised and reshaped with a breast lift, also called mastopexy. It does not primarily add volume. Its main goal is better breast position and shape.
A breast lift may help with:
- Breast sagging
- Nipple descent
- Stretched areolas
- Breast skin laxity
- Breast changes after pregnancy, breastfeeding, or weight loss
A lift and implants may be combined to improve position and add upper breast fullness. For a natural result without added implant volume, some patients choose a breast lift alone.
Breast Reduction Procedure
Breast reduction surgery makes the breasts smaller and lighter by removing extra breast tissue, fat, and skin.
Breast reduction may help with:
- Pain in the neck
- Shoulder strain
- Back pain
- Indentations from bra straps
- Irritated skin under the breasts
- Difficulty exercising
- Difficulty fitting bras or clothes
In certain Canadian cases, breast reduction may qualify as medically necessary. Coverage depends on provincial requirements, symptoms, and medical assessment.
Breast Implant Revision Procedure
Breast implant revision adjusts or replaces existing breast implants. It may be done for cosmetic reasons or medical concerns.
Common breast implant revision concerns include:
- Changing breast implant size
- Breast implant rupture
- Capsular contracture, which means firm scar tissue around an implant
- Implant position changes
- Breast size or shape imbalance
- Natural aging changes after breast implants
- Choosing to remove implants
Some patients benefit from implant removal together with a breast lift. Other patients prefer implant replacement with a new size, shape, or placement.
Breast Reconstruction
The breast may be rebuilt after mastectomy or lumpectomy with breast reconstruction. The procedure may be done with implants, natural tissue, or a combined approach.
Breast reconstruction may use:
- Implant breast reconstruction
- Reconstruction using tissue flaps
- Reconstruction of the nipple and areola
- Fat transfer to the breast
- Surgery to refine breast symmetry
This can be a deeply personal choice. Some people prefer to have reconstruction. Others choose to remain flat. Both paths are valid and personal.
Gynecomastia Surgery
Gynecomastia surgery treats enlarged breast tissue in men. It may involve liposuction, gland removal, or both.
Gynecomastia surgery may help with:
- Fullness around the nipples
- Fullness under the areola
- Extra chest volume
- A chest that looks uneven
- Concern about the chest in fitted shirts, at the gym, or at the beach
A surgeon chooses the technique based on whether the chest fullness is due to fat, gland tissue, loose skin, or more than one factor.
Types of Body Contouring Surgery
Body contouring focuses on improving shape through skin removal, fat reduction, or tissue tightening. Body contouring is common after changes from pregnancy, aging, or major weight loss.
Abdominoplasty for Abdominal Contouring
A tummy tuck, also called abdominoplasty, removes extra abdominal skin and tightens the abdominal wall. The procedure may also repair diastasis recti, which means separated abdominal muscles.
A tummy tuck may help with:
- Loose skin on the abdomen
- A hanging lower abdomen
- Stretch-marked skin below the belly button
- Separated core muscles
- Changes after pregnancy or weight loss
Tummy tuck surgery is not a general weight-loss procedure. Patients usually do best when they are close to a stable weight and want to improve abdominal shape.
Liposuction Surgery
Liposuction removes localized fat using a thin tube called a cannula. Liposuction is not a weight-loss method, it is a contouring procedure.
Liposuction may treat:
- Abdomen
- Flanks, often called love handles
- Hips
- Thighs
- Upper arms
- Back rolls
- Chin-neck contour
- Chest area
- Fat around the knees
Firm, elastic skin is important. Liposuction alone may not be enough when the skin is loose. A skin-tightening or skin removal procedure may be needed in that situation.
Post-Pregnancy Body Contouring
A mommy makeover is tailored to the patient and may treat changes from pregnancy, breastfeeding, or weight change. Breast and abdominal procedures are often combined in a mommy makeover.
A mommy makeover can include:
- Abdominoplasty
- Breast lift surgery
- Surgical breast enhancement
- Breast reduction
- Liposuction
- Fat transfer
The name can be misleading because the procedure is not only for mothers. Anyone with similar changes may consider this type of plan. The best plan depends on health, goals, recovery time, and whether future pregnancy is planned.
Upper Arm Lift Procedure
An arm lift, also known as brachioplasty, removes loose skin from the upper arms.
Arm lift surgery can help improve:
- Hanging upper arm skin
- Skin laxity after weight loss
- Arm skin changes over time
- Avoiding sleeveless clothing
- Skin rubbing or irritation
The trade-off is a scar along the inner or back part of the arm. Because the scar is permanent, patients should carefully discuss whether the improved shape is worth it.
Thigh Lift Procedure
Thigh lift surgery improves thigh contour by removing loose skin. Thigh lift surgery is common after significant weight loss.
Thigh lift surgery can help improve:
- Loose skin on the inner thighs
- Thigh skin rubbing
- Poor clothing fit around the thighs
- Thigh heaviness caused by extra skin
- Post-weight-loss or post-bariatric thigh changes
There are different thigh lift patterns. A surgeon chooses the pattern based on how much loose skin is present and where it is located.
Body Lift Surgery
Loose skin around the lower body can be removed with a body lift. It may improve the abdomen, hips, outer thighs, buttocks, and lower back.
A body lift may be chosen after:
- Significant weight loss
- Bariatric weight-loss surgery
- Pregnancy-related skin looseness
- Aging with major skin laxity
This is a more involved surgery with a longer recovery. Before a body lift, patients should be healthy overall and close to a stable weight.
Fat Transfer to the Body
Fat grafting moves fat from one area of the body to another. Fat grafting can add natural volume or refine body contour.
Patients may consider fat grafting for:
- The breasts
- Buttock volume
- Hip volume
- The face
- Uneven contours after surgery or injury
Fat grafting is natural in the sense that it uses your own tissue, but not all of the fat remains long term. Fat grafting results can evolve, so repeat treatment may be needed for some patients.
Plastic Surgery for Skin and Scars
Plastic surgery also includes procedures that improve the skin surface, scars, and soft tissue.
Scar Revision
A scar that is raised, tight, wide, or noticeable may be improved with scar revision. Scar revision cannot guarantee an erased scar, but it may make the scar less raised, tight, wide, or visible.
Scar revision surgery can help improve:
- Surgery-related scars
- Injury-related scars
- Scars from burns
- Bulky scars
- Tight or pulling scars
- Scars that pull during movement
A scar revision plan may use surgery, copyright injections, laser treatment, silicone therapy, or a mix of options.
Skin Lesion Removal Procedures
Plastic surgeons often remove benign skin lesions, cysts, moles, and lumps when careful closure matters. Certain lesions should be checked medically to rule out skin cancer.
Removal may be done for:
- A lesion that gets irritated
- Growth
- A lesion that bleeds
- A cosmetic concern
- Pathology or diagnosis
- Relief from discomfort
A qualified medical professional should assess any changing mole or suspicious skin lesion.
Reconstruction After Skin Cancer Removal
Skin cancer reconstruction can help close the treated area and restore appearance after cancer removal. This is common on the face, nose, eyelids, ears, lips, scalp, and hands.
Skin cancer reconstruction may involve:
- Direct surgical closure
- Reconstruction with a skin graft
- Local tissue flaps
- More complex reconstruction
The aim is to remove the cancer safely and preserve function and appearance as much as possible.
Non-Surgical Aesthetic Procedures
Not all cosmetic concerns require surgery. Non-surgical cosmetic treatments may help with early signs of aging, facial lines, volume loss, and skin quality. Non-surgical care often means less recovery time, but the results are usually temporary.
Neuromodulator Injections
BOTOX and similar neuromodulators are used to relax targeted facial muscles. These treatments are often used to soften expression lines.
Common neuromodulator treatment areas include:
- Frown lines
- Forehead expression lines
- Crow’s feet
- Small nose wrinkles
- Peau d’orange chin texture
- Neck bands in some cases
Neuromodulator results are temporary, so maintenance appointments are often part of the plan. Treatment should often create a softer, more rested look instead of a frozen appearance.
Hyaluronic Acid Fillers
Dermal fillers restore or add volume. Many dermal fillers are made with hyaluronic acid, a gel-like substance used to shape and support soft tissue.
Dermal filler treatment may involve:
- Lips
- Midface fullness
- Chin shape
- The jawline
- Under-eye hollowing
- Lines from the nose to the mouth
- Marionette folds
Good filler planning depends on the right product, careful injection technique, facial anatomy, and clear goals. Too much filler can look unnatural, which makes conservative planning important.
Medical Chemical Peels
Chemical peel treatment uses a controlled solution to refresh the outer skin layers.
Chemical peel treatments can help improve:
- Skin tone irregularity
- Dull skin
- Early fine lines
- Sun-damaged skin
- Mild post-acne marks
- Surface texture issues
Chemical peels can range from light treatments to deeper treatments. The type of peel affects recovery time.
Laser Skin Treatments and Energy-Based Procedures
Laser and energy-based procedures can address skin tone, redness, texture, unwanted hair growth, scars, and signs of aging.
Common examples include:
- Skin laser resurfacing
- IPL, or intense pulsed light
- Radiofrequency-based treatments
- Skin tightening treatments
- Laser-based hair reduction
- Laser treatment for redness and broken vessels
These treatments should be matched to skin type, skin tone, and the concern being treated. Careful selection matters for darker skin tones, where unwanted pigment changes may be a risk.
Skin Resurfacing With Dermabrasion and Microdermabrasion
Dermabrasion is a deeper skin resurfacing procedure that removes outer skin layers. Microdermabrasion treats the surface more gently and is not as deep.
These treatments may help with:
- Uneven texture
- Minor acne scarring
- Tired-looking skin
- An uneven skin surface
- Fine lines
Choosing between these treatments depends on skin quality, goals, recovery time, and risk tolerance.
How to Choose the Right Plastic Surgery Procedure
A good plastic surgery plan starts by identifying the concern instead of choosing a procedure name first. A patient may request one procedure, then find out that a different option fits their anatomy better.
Common examples include:
- Extra eyelid skin, a low brow, or both may cause heavy upper lids.
- A soft jawline may be caused by loose skin, neck bands, fat, or chin position.
- A full abdomen may be caused by fat, loose skin, muscle separation, or internal weight.
- Breasts that look flat may need lifting, added volume, fat grafting, or more than one procedure.
- Under-eye bags may be caused by fat pads, hollowing, skin laxity, or pigmentation.
A clear plastic surgery plan should answer three key questions:
- What is behind the concern?
- Which procedure treats that cause best?
- What benefits and limits come with that procedure?
Patients should consider trade-offs such as scars, downtime, swelling, cost, maintenance, and possible complications.
Common Questions and Concerns Before Plastic Surgery
Most patients have mixed feelings before plastic surgery. Patients may feel excited, but they may also feel nervous. Patients often have questions about safety, discomfort, scarring, healing, cost, and whether results will look natural.
“Will I Look Refreshed or Different?”
Many patients ask this question. Many people want to look refreshed, not changed. Natural-looking plastic surgery should respect your facial features, body frame, age, and personal style.
For many patients, the goal is better balance, not a perfect or unrealistic look.
“How Much Downtime Will I Need?”
Healing time is different for every procedure. Non-surgical treatments may require little or no downtime. More extensive surgeries like tummy tuck, body lift, and mommy makeover require a more detailed recovery plan.
In general, recovery planning may include:
- Bruising and swelling
- Restrictions on exercise or lifting
- Time away from work
- Surgical follow-up care
- Scar healing support
- Careful return to exercise
- Gradual settling before final results are seen
Healing is not instant. Many procedures improve over weeks and months.
“What Should I Know About Plastic Surgery Scars?”
Surgery that involves an incision will create a scar. Surgeons aim to place scars carefully and support good healing.
The final scar can depend on:
- How your body naturally scars
- Skin colour and tone
- The type of procedure
- Placement of the incision
- Pulling on the healing incision
- Smoking and vaping status
- UV exposure
- Post-surgery aftercare
Most scars fade with time, but they do not fully disappear.
“Is Plastic Surgery Safe?”
No surgery is completely risk-free. Patients should understand possible risks such as bleeding, infection, poor scarring, anesthesia issues, asymmetry, delayed healing, numbness, fluid buildup, and dissatisfaction.
Safety is influenced by:
- Your overall health
- Medication use
- Nicotine or smoking use
- The planned procedure
- The surgical facility
- How anesthesia is managed
- The training and experience of the surgeon
- Your aftercare and follow-up
Benefits, risks, alternatives, and realistic expectations should all be discussed during a consultation.
What Canadians Should Know About Plastic Surgery
Plastic surgery in Canada is guided by medical licensing, provincial colleges, hospital systems, surgical facilities, and professional standards. It is important to understand the difference between marketing language and recognized medical training.
How to Choose a Qualified Plastic Surgeon
When researching plastic surgery in Canada, look for proper training and credentials. A plastic surgeon should have medical training, surgical training, and certification in plastic surgery.
Patients may want to ask:
- What plastic surgery certification do you hold?
- Do you hold a medical licence in this province?
- Do you commonly perform this type of surgery?
- Where will the procedure take place?
- Who is responsible for anesthesia care?
- What risks apply to my specific case?
- What happens if a complication occurs?
- How many follow-up appointments are included?
- Can I see examples of similar cases?
These questions are not meant to be difficult. It is about knowing what to expect before moving forward.
What Affects Plastic Surgery Fees in Canada
Cosmetic surgery costs can vary widely across Canada. Pricing may depend on procedure complexity, surgeon experience, anesthesia, facility fees, implants or devices, garments, follow-up care, and location.
Large Canadian cities, including Vancouver, Toronto, Calgary, Edmonton, Ottawa, and Montreal, may have higher fees because overhead and demand are higher. Costs may vary in smaller Canadian cities, but price should not outweigh safety, training, and follow-up care.
Low pricing can be concerning when it reflects shortcuts in safety, training, facility standards, or aftercare.
Medical Tourism vs. Surgery in Canada
Some Canadians think about travelling outside the country for lower-cost surgery. Although this may sound appealing, extra risks should be considered.
Risks or challenges with medical tourism may include:
- Limited post-surgery follow-up
- Long travel after surgery
- Possible infection
- Different health care standards
- Difficulty accessing medical records
- Challenges managing post-surgery problems in Canada
- Language barriers
- Additional costs if revision surgery is needed
Having surgery closer to home can make follow-up easier, especially if swelling, healing concerns, or complications occur.
Preparing for a Plastic Surgery Consultation
During a consultation, you can learn what is possible, what is safe, and what results are realistic. It should not feel rushed or high-pressure.
Before a consultation, consider preparing in these ways:
- Write down your main concerns.
- Bring a list of medications and supplements.
- Tell the surgeon about your medical history.
- Be honest about smoking, vaping, cannabis, and nicotine use.
- Reference photos can be helpful if they explain your goals.
- Ask questions about recovery, scars, risks, and alternatives.
- Ask what can realistically be achieved for your face or body.
Your consultation should include a clear review of your options. In some cases, the best recommendation is to wait, choose a smaller treatment, improve health first, or avoid surgery.
Who May Be a Good Candidate?
The best candidates for plastic surgery are often healthy, informed, and realistic. Realistic patients understand that surgery can help appearance, but it cannot make life perfect or solve every issue.
You may be a suitable candidate if:
- You are in good general health
- You can explain a clear concern
- Your weight has been stable before body surgery
- You do not smoke, or you can stop before and after surgery
- You understand what recovery involves
- You are comfortable with the risks and limits
- You are choosing the procedure for yourself
- Your expectations are realistic
You may need to delay surgery if you are pregnant, planning major weight loss, using nicotine, managing an unstable medical condition, or feeling pressured by someone else.
Combined Plastic Surgery Procedures
Some procedures may be combined safely. Some procedures are safer when staged. Doing more than one procedure at once may shorten total recovery, but it can increase surgery length and healing stress.
Examples of combined procedures include:
- Facelift with neck lift
- Upper facial rejuvenation with eyelid surgery and brow lift
- Rhinoplasty with chin surgery
- Breast lift plus volume enhancement
- Tummy tuck and liposuction
- Mommy makeover procedures
- Combining body lift with arm or thigh surgery
- Facial surgery with fat grafting
The right approach depends on the patient’s health, how long the procedure takes, anesthesia, recovery support, and overall risk.
Summary of Plastic Surgery Procedures in Canada
In Canada, plastic surgery covers a wide range of cosmetic and reconstructive options. Some options are designed to refine facial, breast, or body shape. Reconstructive options may repair tissue after cancer, injury, burns, or medical conditions. Non-surgical treatments may also help with wrinkles, volume loss, skin texture, and early aging changes.
The most popular procedure is not always the best fit. The best choice is the one that fits your anatomy, goals, health, and comfort level.
Every plastic surgery plan should put safety, natural-looking results, clear expectations, and proper follow-up care first. Before choosing eyelid surgery, rhinoplasty, breast augmentation, tummy tuck, liposuction, facelift surgery, or reconstructive plastic surgery, it helps to understand what each option can and cannot do.